SLC result 2069/70 published

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Germany Ready for Cyber War

Last week, the German Army held its first cyber warfare military exercise open to the public. Some of the tech hacks were there to watch the process. The scenario was the following: Red forces overran part of a fictional Blue continent in the Atlantic, forcing the UN Security Council to sanction a military intervention. The German Parliament agreed on the deployment of Bundeswehr forces, which rapidly set about dismantling the enemy tech infrastructure.

The cyber attack was started by the Strategic Reconnaissance Command of the Bundeswehr. The latter includes the Computer Network Operations team of 60 hackers. Actually, the very existence of the cyber war unit wasn’t made public until 2012, and it is still unknown how many cyber soldiers the country really has on call. Despite the fact that there are thousands of women serving in the Bundeswehr, the 60-strong unit in the exercise consisted of geeky men only.

Local press was allowed to interview the troops after the exercise was over, but no photos were allowed. One of the soldiers claimed all the weapons they used in the attack were freely available online. He confirmed they used ordinary, commercially available software. The hackers employed a range of instruments having odd names, such as “John the Ripper” and “hostenum” in order to wreak havoc on the Red intranet.

Computer Network Operations officers revealed that their deployment is strictly regulated and they could only go into action after Bundestag approval. They also admitted that they follow the same rules of deployment as fighter squadrons or tank battalions. Therefore, the hackers need a clear mandate to spring into action.

By:
SaM

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लोक सेवा २०७० कम्प्युटर अपरेटर उत्तरहरु / lok sewa Compurator operator 2070 answer sheet

Key D:

All sets answers are same only sets question no. is different and its options 




 

1. multitasking and multi threading is used in-  windows XP (lines is not OS)
2. An approach that permits the the computer to work on several programs instead on one is- Multiprogramming
3. while booting how many types of system files will load into RAM:-  3
4. which menu you have to click if you want to print a document : -file
5. which one of the following is SK to cut:- ctrl+X
6. alignment can be found inside the:- page setup
7. From where do you install font:- font icon of CP
8. which one is not found in edit menu:- Print 
9.  to change case, which menu you have to click:- Format

10. What is the file extension of MS word document:- .DOC
11. What is the SK of thesaurus :- shift+f7
12. Electronic spreadsheet is also known as:- none of the above
13. the contents of a cell may also be edited by pressing :- f2
14. which one of the following is extension of excel:- XLS
15. in order to add comment in cell one can use the following steps :- insert > comment
16. types of data in a cell of a worksheet can be of : all of the above
17. what do you use to create a chart:- both A and B
18. multiple calculation can be made in a single formula by using :- array formula
19. how do you protect your excel sheet :- tools>protection>protect sheet>password
20. which of the following is not an database application:-excel
21. a row in a table is also known as:- a record
22. Which of the following best describes a query: - a query retrieves data......
23. the query "select* from employee" returns: all rows from table employee
24. instruction and memory are :- binary codes
25. a MS access- presents data in a way similar to an excel spreadsheet:- Datasheet view
26. a field that uniquely identifies a record is called a:- key field
27. ........ is used to speed of data retrieval :- indexing
28. a ............. is the readymade styles that can be used for presentation in MS PP:- Template
29. to enter speaker comments one has to be in which view :- note page view
30. To use the same fonts and bullets styles on all your text slides you can :- set them in the slide master\
31. the effects that looks likes the new slide is pushing the old one off the screen is an e.g. of a :- all of the above( dont think specific because all are types of animation)
32. the ms PP save PP files as following extension:- .ppt
33. what is the full form of "www" :- world wide web
34. what is the correct tag to add a hyperlink is HTML page:- <a href='.......'>link name</a>
35. to draw a horizontal line in HTML we use:- <HR>
36. a small or intelligent device is so called because it contains within it a :- computer( i think so because a small device is found inside a computer)
37. Each  IP packets must contain :- Source and destination address
38. the two basic types of record access method are:- sequential and random
39. which of the following memory needs refresh:- DRAM
40. 1st generation computer used to have processing sped in:- milli seconds
41. USB= Universal Serial Bus
42.  Which of the following is an e.g. of OS;- all
43. which one is not an output device:- keyboard( silly question)
44. which of the following loses its contains when the computer is offend:- RAM
45. CPU consists of :- all
46. what is the main objectives of IT policy 2000:- all
47. which of the following is network topology:- both A and B
48. WAN = Wide Area Network
49. FAT an NTFS in windows is type of :- storage format 
50. The principle of locality of reference justifies the use of :- virtual memory 

99.99% answers are correct
contact for more:- http://www.facebook.com/trupasko

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Hunter" lyrics of song hunter; Gangs of washepoor"

Haailoo Hello!

I am a hunter and she want to see my gun
When I pull it out boy the woman start to run [x2]

She beg me to see it, she beg me to show it
But when I reveal it, she want to run and hide [x2]

Haailoo! Haailoo... Hello! :D :D
Put on your hunting clothes, let we go on hunt
Please don't be embarrassed, you could touch it if you want
All them young one around here, ask them about me
I am the baddest gunman that they ever see
I am a hunter and she want to see my gun
Hum hai sikari sikari sikaari

I am a hunter and she want to see my gun
When I pull it out, the woman start to run

Tan tan tan tan...

Daily goli nikle, automatic tan-tan
With one gun in my hand and the next one around my waist
If you see this young girl with da rude look on she face

I say as a hunter, I must be brave and strong
She say that she find that my gun extremely long

Hum hain sikaari, paackit mein lambi gun
Dhaayen se jo chhoote tan-mann howe magan [x2]

Oooooo...

This girl harasses me, she won't leave me alone
But that kinda behavior I really can't condone

Hai bahut bhokali, na kabhi ho khaali
Hai bahut bhokali, na kabhi ho khaali

This girl harasses me, she won't leave me alone
That kinda behavior I really can't condone

She says that she’s sorry, she just want to have fun
Then she asks me kindly, if she can hold my gun

I am a hunter and she want to see my gun
When I pull it out boy the woman start to run [x2]

Door tak hai phamous, kar de sab ko bebas
Door tak hai phamous, kar de sab ko bebas
Usko milta darsan, jisko maan mein hai lagan
Usko milta darsan, jisko mana mein hai lagan

Laagi lagan laagi lagan...

She beg me to see it, she beg me to show it
But when I reveal it, she want to run and hide

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Snakes Have Nine Senses

Getty

The five senses are pretty standard among living creatures. Some animals will have an extra sense thrown into the mix -- directional, barometric, fashion -- but five or six is generally the limit of mortal perceptions. Unless you're a snake. They can have up to nine senses that we know about. No, they can't see dead people or anything -- it's just that they double up on all of the basic ones. Snakes have two types of hearing, two types of smell, and two types of sight.

Getty
"And 12 types of kickass."

A snake's jaw is linked directly to its inner ear, allowing it to literally hear surface vibrations. Snake jawbones are so sensitive that a horned desert viper can accurately strike at a small, quiet mouse coming up behind him ... in the middle of a pitch-black night. Further, their lower jawbones are separated into two halves, and the difference in timing between the vibrations received by the two sides informs the snake of the direction of its scampering prey. Snakes have high-fidelity directional hearing in their mouths.

Better yet, because snakes "smell" by "tasting" the air with their tongues, and because those tongues are typically forked, they also have incredible directional smelling. Snakes effectively smell in stereo. Finally, many varieties of snake have heat-sensing pit organs that can detect infrared light. For their relatively tiny size, these sensors are up to 10 times more sensitive than anything our technology has managed to create, and they come in several different types that all focus on different wavelengths.

Sichert, Andreas, et al.
"Suck it, Predator."

But pit vipers take it a step further; they not only possess this crazy Predator-vision, but actually use the heat map to direct multiple attacks on a single target. They'll strike their prey once, wait for the adrenaline to kick in, watch for heat spikes that show where their prey is most vulnerable, and then direct their next strikes to the weak spots. You might recognize that as the exact same tactic you use to beat video game bosses. That's right: Pit vipers' whole lives are basically one big round of Metal Gear Solid.

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Easy way to increase Page Rank (PR)

Improving Your PageRank

Below are suggestions for publicizing your site — and improving its PageRank — based on our experience getting the word out about Google Guide.

Include useful high-quality information on your site.

Create content that users want and will share with others.

Submit your site to various web directories and reference sites.

A web directory “specializes in linking to other web sites and categorizing those links,” according to HighSearchRanking.com.
Post your site’s URL (web address) to popular web directories including Open Directory Project (ODP), Yahoo!, and LookSmart. Also post your URL to online reference, e.g., Wikipedia, industry-specific expert sites, blogs, etc.

Publicize your site to everyone with whom you communicate.

Add your site’s URL, e.g., www.googleguide.com, to every piece of communication you initiate. The TechSoup (The Technology Place for Nonprofits) article, Publicizing Your Web Site: Getting the message out there, recommends that “your Web address should be listed everywhere that your phone/fax number and mailing address,” e.g.,

• Business cards
• Letterhead
• Newsletters
• Brochures
• Press Releases
• Fax cover sheets
• Email signatures

Write a newsletter and send it out.

Inform people what’s new or noteworthy on your site. The newsletter will remind people about your site and encourage them to visit to find interesting content.

Provide a Rich Site Summary (RSS).

RSS is also known as Really Simple Syndication. JISC describes RSS as “a lightweight XML format for distributing news headlines and other content on the Web.”
In addition to making it easy for other sites to distribute your headlines and content, your RSS feed will be indexed by popular Blog search engines, including Technorati, BlogSearch, and Ask.com Bloglines.

Ask other high-quality websites to link to your website.

Getting other “good” websites to link to yours usually helps your website’s PageRank and ranking on Google.

Note: If your site links to delisted websites, your website might also be removed from Google’s index.

Provide motivation for highly ranked websites to link to yours.

Getting highly ranked sites to link to yours will improve your ranking more than getting many poorly ranked sites to link to yours.

Note: If Google suspects that you’ve traded links with other sites for the sole purpose of improving your ranking, it might penalize or blacklist your site.

Check out a site before you link back.

When you receive a request for a link, check the site before you link back. Is it a site worthy of your link, i.e., vote of confidence? Would a link be of value to your page’s visitors?

Tell the press about your site.

Telling the press may not get your website publicity. After making Google Guide live, I emailed local, national, and international press and got a poor response to our publicity.
Next I emailed journalists who specialize in search engines, but again few wrote articles about Google Guide.
Then I emailed reviewers of books on using Google. A handful responded. Some wrote that Google Guide was for novices; others wrote that Google Guide was tailored for advanced users. Wanting to make Google Guide appeal to novices and experts alike, I indicated sections that would appeal to particular users, e.g.,

• If you have little or no experience with Google, read on. Otherwise, skip to the next section, titled “Go to the First Result.”
• We recommend that you skip ahead to Part II: Understanding Search Results unless you’re an experienced Google user or you want to know how to use Google’s advanced operators.

After several months of emailing potential users and posting to websites, libraries, schools, and users began linking to Google Guide.
I tried again to get national press coverage by contacting John Markoff from the New York Times. After a few attempts, I was quoted in an article about Search Engine Wars and afterwards Google Guide got over 50,000 unique visitors/day for the following week and traffic has been good ever since.
On the basis of a suggestion from Matt Vance, I created the Google Guide Cheat Sheet and announced it on Slashdot, which generated great publicity, along with a few flames; within 24 hours, the Cheat Sheet went from being ranked so poorly I couldn’t even find it to being ranked #2 (after Google’s cheat sheet).

Keep your website up.

If your website is not accessible for an extended period of time, Google may reduce the ranking of your site.

Give away content.

I publish Google Guide under a Creative Commons License to enable others to copy, distribute, and make derivative works, as long as they give Nancy Blachman credit and link to Google Guide.
If most of your site’s content is commercial — e.g., pages about your business — consider adding other pages with useful information for the public. For example, if you sell bicycles, include pages or a blog about bicycle paths, bicycle gear, or with tips on bicycling. Publicize these and encourage others to link to them.

Translate your website into foreign languages.

If you don’t know a foreign language, find others that do. Erik Hoy, a librarian, emailed me asking if he could use some material from Google Guide on Copenhagen Main Library’s website. I suggested that he translate the whole thing into Danish, which he did.
Recently Google Guide was translated into Hebrew.

Search Google for your website.

Instead of entering your URL into your browser, search Google for your site. Google is more apt to improve the ranking of a site that users seek and visit than one that gets no traffic from Google.
When I first made this site publicly available, Google Guide wasn’t in the first 100 sites on searches for [ Google guide ]. Thanks to the sites that linked to Google Guide and users who clicked on Google Guide in their search results, Google Guide is in the top ten results for many queries that relate to the content of the site. Being listed so highly on Google has improved the traffic flow to Google Guide.

Note: For the top ranked site, Google sometimes includes useful links from within that site.

Avoid devious tactics to improve your ranking.

If Google suspects that you are trying to deceive it web crawler and thus its users by including hidden text, misleading or repeated words, pages that don’t match your sites description, deceptive redirects, duplicate site or pages, or other disingenuous tactics, then Google may delist your site from its index.

And finally…

In addition to considering the number of links to your page and the ranking of the linking page, to compute a page’s PageRank, Google considers hundreds of factors including

• how fast a site is gaining links
• how long the links persist
• when your site acquired the links
• the click through rate (CTR) of Google’s search results, cached pages, favorites on the Google Toolbar
• the stickiness of your site (i.e., the effectiveness of your site in retaining individual users)

These factors and many others are described in the article “Great Site Ranking in Google The Secret’s Out” on Buzzle.com.
Google periodically changes how it calculates a page’s importance, thereby resulting in shifts in rankings, known as a Google Dance. Google Guide’s placement in Google’s search results sometimes changes when Google modifies or enhances their indexing algorithms.
I don’t try to keep up with the latest search engine optimization tricks. Instead I strive to make searching Google easier by educating users about Google services, capabilities, and features. When I am successful, sites link to Google Guide pages and increase their ranks and importance to Google.
Here are links to a few pages that discuss how to publicize your website and improve the ranking of your web pages.

• Publicizing Your Web Site
• Publicizing Your Site (Without Irritating Everyone on the Net)

In the next section, Advertising Your Website, I’ll tell you how I increase traffic through running inexpensive ads.
tags (keywords): developing websites, directory, PageRank, translation

This page was last modified on: Sunday August 31, 2008
Source:- Google

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Easy ways to get rid of tension

Tension and stress are amongst the worst enemies of a person. Though initially they affect the mind, it is not long before they start interfering with the physical health of the person as well. Right from hypertension to loss of appetite, there are many harmful consequences of taking too much tension. In case you are also suffering from excess mental strain and anxiety, it is the time to take some serious steps in this regard, lest you end up falling prey to mental and physical ailments. In the following lines, we have listed some natural ways to get rid of tension, to help you out.

 

Natural Ways To Relieve Tension

 

Take a Nap

When you are feeling too stressed out, try taking a small nap. It will not only make you feel much lighter, but also refresh you up. Even if you are not able to fall asleep, at least lie down with your eyes closed and try not to think about the things that make you tense.

 

Get a Massage

One of the best ways to get rid of tension, naturally, is to get a massage. Head, neck and shoulders are the body parts most affected by tension. In fact, the most visible physical signs of tension include headaches and stiff neck and shoulders. Get someone to massage the areas gently.

 

Meditate

If you know how to meditate, then practicing it will be the most apt remedy for getting rid of tension. Indulging in meditation helps calm your mind to a great degree, in the process helping you relieve tension. So, select a quiet corner in your house or office and start meditating.

 

Practice Deep Breathing

Though few people realize it, practicing deep breathing exercises goes a long way in removing tension from the mind. Originally a part of yoga, the exercises can be practiced in isolation as well. As you start breathing deeply, you will experience your tensions melting away.

 

Listen to Soothing Music

Have you ever experienced your spirits soaring when you listen to a rocking number? Music is believed to have a great effect on the mood of a person. If you are feeling tense, play some soothing music, put the lights on dim, close your eyes and recline in a comfortable position. Think about the good things in your life and let yourself drift with the music.

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In which condition girls are called sexy?

Why do guys call girls words like hot and sexy?

well from expreince i get annoyed wen guys call me hot, sexy, and other words. i got get why guys can just say oh shes cute or shes rele pretty. it doesnt take much to say shes pretty. and other words like that?

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Comments
mancub_62	6/13/2010 12:21:50 PM Hot and sexy? They could be cold and unattractive. I would think that most men use those words because although they may find some women pretty...there may not be a sexual attraction. I guess "hot" and "sexy" are words reserved for that. How about "she looks fairly decent."...lol. In any event, I am never called hot or sexy by women (except by maybe one or two when I was younger and in better shape). I've never been called pretty either...I have been called cute however when I had long hair.
joe0751	6/13/2010 1:16:53 PM Girl you are pretty good luck on line finding that special someone.
th3_king	6/13/2010 1:39:54 PM well if a guy is like damn ur sexy that means damn i want to bang you if he says wow ur cute he means wow shes cute....if he says i have herpes Dont talk to that guy..lol
bronson647	6/13/2010 2:54:29 PM when they call you hot and sexy its cause they wanna sleep with you
danilovexoxo	6/13/2010 3:36:36 PM hehe lol thanks for the tips
th3_king	6/13/2010 4:21:05 PM no problem on that tip u dont want to be that grl that says i met this guy on line he was so great until he gave me herpes....lol.....that would be awsome tho what a conversation starter..lol
danilovexoxo	6/14/2010 9:07:14 AM Lmao got that right it wud be pretty funny
moneytalksloud	6/18/2010 11:37:44 PM Listen sexy pertains to a sexy woman cute pertains to a cute woman! Therefore if your being called sexy and hot its because you are HOT!! Only a desperate man calls a woman sexy hoping to get some pussssy
moneytalksloud	6/18/2010 11:40:01 PM Got it now hunn??
youknow144	6/23/2010 4:23:39 PM im sorry but this is a lie, this girl gets off on people calling her hot and sexy
danilovexoxo	6/23/2010 7:21:43 PM Who me?
trypeace	6/23/2010 9:32:29 PM haha this girl is fake lmao
mierze6140	6/23/2010 9:45:41 PM why do women have such a hard time just accepting a compliment for what it is? Not every guy that says youre sexy is dying to get you in bed. Last time I checked, sexy wasnt a synonym for "i want to f**k you". dont take everything so literally, people.
trushadow1	6/24/2010 5:49:46 AM I agree Mayb 4 some guyz when they say it they tryin to get some but that's not alwayz the case but bottom line no matter wut context its used the girl controls if they get in her pants so wut wud it matter just take the complement an b happy u no guyz like the way u look also keep in mind a real man wud want u 4 u an sex iz an extra
youknow144	6/24/2010 6:16:21 PM what girl do you call sexy that you dont want to f**k?
mierze6140	6/24/2010 10:25:38 PM most of them, actually. unlike most dudes, i prefer to actually like the girls i get into bed with. and sorry ladies, but most of you on here just arent good conversationalists.
youknow144	6/25/2010 2:56:15 PM you call someone sexy when u think they are sexually interesting, so idk what your deal is fruitloop, but the only people who call girls sexy that dont want to f**k them are gay
th3_king	6/25/2010 4:15:37 PM how about we agree that all women in the world r sexy ......well except for fatties lol...n midgets n fugly a** chicks u know who u r fugly biitches hahahah n manly grls n i can go on and on nvm i lost what my point was going to be shiit
hotthick1	6/25/2010 7:28:40 PM that king is a trip YO! hey when a guy passes me and says...DAMN MAMI god blessed you! and he asking for my number and go to dinner THAT is hot and im stoppin to talk...now if he ugly THEN i am flattered but im not stoppin...i LOVE when a guy i pass says oo hey sexy how you doing? it means he attracted but TRYING to be a gentleman by adding the how ya doing part...men wont admit but they get nervous and get toung tied when they talk to someone they are attracted to REALLY and they can say some dumb crap not knowing what they said was a bit rude or even crude. its all good just accept it as crude compliments and you will be ight...
youknow144	6/25/2010 7:55:59 PM ok hotthick, that would mean something if you actually knew how to speak english
light87	6/26/2010 7:48:54 PM Well with my experiences anytime a girl asked me if I thought of her or some other girl and I replied that she was pretty or cute they tell me "that's it's" I'm just cute and pretty. It's like for them your saying your ok or your not bad. But sexy and hot is like saying your gorgeous or fine. But I'm speaking from my experiences.

 Copied from :-http://www.datehookup.com/Blog-475641.htm

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Dangerous & Poisonous Plant - Do not touch only see

 
Plants are essential for any ecosystem.There are a lot of living things that have been classified as poisonous and violent and you would like to keep on numerous feet left from these living beings when you come across to them.
Can you ever imagined having same creepy feeling when thinking about plants? Yes, there be present numerous plants who are poisonous as much as necessary to turn into a dreadful. I have collected some poisonous plant in this post. Have a look…

Ricinus communism

Ricinus communism

The castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It belongs to a monotypic genus, Ricinus, and subtribe, Ricininae. The evolution of castor and its relation to other species are currently being studied.
Its seed is the castor bean which, despite its name, is not a true bean. Castor is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India, but is widespread throughout tropical regions (and widely grown elsewhere as an ornamental plant).
The castor oil plant can vary greatly in its growth habit and appearance. The variability has been increased by breeders who have selected a range of cultivars for leaf and flower colors, and for oil production. It is a fast-growing, suckering perennial shrub which can reach the size of a small tree (around 12 metres / 39 feet), but it is not cold hardy.

Cnidoscolus stimulosus

Cnidoscolus stimulosus

Spurge nettle (Cnidoscolus stimulosus), also known as bull nettle, Tread-softly and Finger Rot, is a perennial herb covered with stinging hairs, native to southeastern North America. A member of the family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family), it is not a true nettle. It prefers sandy, well-drained soil and mostly exists in pine/blackjack oak forests on sandhills, rims of Carolina bays, dunes, dry pastures, fields and roadsides.
The green leaves of this plant are alternate, consisting of three to five untoothed lobes. The large, white flowers have five petals. Male and female flowers are on different plants. Flowers occur throughout the spring and summer followed by a small capsule that produces three large seeds. The entire plant above ground including the flower petals are covered with stinging hairs. The tap root can be used as an excellent potato substitute, tasting like pasta.
As the common names imply, the urticating hairs on this plant contain a caustic irritant that inflicts a painful sting to those who contact it with bare skin. It can cause a painful, irritating rash and can cause more serious reactions with some people.

Angel Trumpet

Angel Trumpet

Brugmansia is a genus of seven species of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae native to tropical South America. Their large, fragrant flowers give them their common name of Angel’s Trumpets, a name sometimes used for the closely related genus Datura.
Brugmansia are large shrubs or small trees, with semi-woody, often many-branched trunks. They can reach heights of 3–11 m (10–36 ft).
The leaves are alternately arranged along the stems, generally large, 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long and 4–18 cm (2–7 in) across, with an entire or coarsely toothed margin, and are often covered with fine hairs.
The name Angel’s Trumpet refers to the large, pendulous, trumpet-shaped flowers, 14–50 cm (6–20 in) long and 10–35 cm (4–14 in) across at the opening. They come in shades of white, yellow, pink, orange, green, or red. Most have a strong, pleasing fragrance that is most noticeable in the evening. Flowers may be single, double, or more.
Brugmansia are woody trees or bushes, with pendulous, not erect, flowers, that have no spines on their fruit. Datura species are herbaceous bushes with erect (not pendulous) flowers, and most have spines on their fruit.

White Snakeroot

White Snakeroot

White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), also known as White Sanicle or Tall Boneset, is a poisonous perennial herb in the family Asteraceae, native to eastern North America. An older binomial name for this species was Eupatorium rugosum, but the genus Eupatorium has undergone taxonomic revision by botanists and a number of the species once included there have been moved to other genera.
Plants are upright or sometimes ascending, growing to 1.5 meters tall, producing single or multi-stemmed clumps. They are found in woods and brush thickets where they bloom mid to late summer or fall. The flowers are a clean white color and after blooming, small seeds with fluffy white tails are released to blow in the wind.
This species is adaptive to different growing conditions and can be found in open shady areas with open bare ground; it can be weedy in shady landscapes and in hedgerows. There are two different varieties Ageratina altissima var. angustata and Ageratina altissima var. roanensis (Appalachian white snakeroot); they differ in the length of the flower phyllaries and shape of the apices.

Common Bladderwort

Common Bladderwort

Utricularia macrorhiza, the common bladderwort,is a large, perennial suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. macrorhiza is native to North America and eastern temperate Asia.
Common Bladderwort has lacy leaves, quarter to two inches-long; subdivided into segments of unequal length, having thread-like segments. Carnivorous bladders are attached at regular intervals along the linear leaf segments that trap and digest tiny water invertebrates. Its Bladders are small, dispirited, pear-shaped pouches.
They open suddenly when trigger hairs are disturbed, sucking in water and any unfortunate water creature responsible for setting off the trap. Digestive enzymes and bacteria found in the bladder digest the victim for the nutritional use of the plant; a process takes 15 minutes to 2 hours, for complete digestion. Its special cells extract the nutrient-rich water from the bladder into the stem, thus reinstating the vacuum and resetting the trap for its next victim.

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After S.L.C

This is probably the biggest question that grips those who are about to cross this Iron Gate. While some might have planned their career carefully and relevantly, it is likely that many others simply haven’t. There is inadequate knowledge and information about the career prospects available in Nepal. And many students seem totally confused. Career planning is a crucial part of student life. A smartly selected career offers myriad opportunities while a silly choice leads to nowhere. The changing global employment scenario and involvement of technology in almost all the sectors and a fierce competition among the talents have made the job market quite tough. In this background, holding a degree just doesn’t count much. One must possess adequate knowledge about the field which he chooses to pursue his career in. All that matters in this changing environment is a wide knowledge, not just academic excellence. With consistent reforms brought about in the educational sector, Nepal has recently taken a giant leap. There was a time when our elders had to go to some Indian universities to pursue different studies. But now times have changed and for good. We have medical colleges all over the country vying to attract the students not only from within the country but also from abroad. Various Nepali colleges are getting affiliated to renowned foreign universities thus introducing new and timely subjects and short-term courses. Despite all odds in the country at the moment, the S.L.C. examination 2060 is being held without any disturbances. The number of students to take S.L.C. this year is 3, 17,001 (2, 26,347 regular and 90,654 exempted). There are 905 centers this year. Last year, there were 851 centers with total number of students to appear in exam being 2,308,72 even though 2,84,024 students had filled the forms. Apart from customary Commerce, Science, Arts and Education study, Kathmandu Infotiser in this issue explores some other happening faculties where students can join in after the S.L.C. exams. And we have extended our effort to include also something about the history of S.L.C. in Nepal and the curriculum development. TALE OF S.L.C. IN NEPAL With a motive to start primary English education in Nepal, the then Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana established Durbar High School in Ashwin 27, 1910 BS only to educate the children of the Rana family. It was only in BS 1942 during the reign of Bir Shamsher that Durbar High School was opened for the public. Durbar High School was affiliated to the Calcutta University of India till 1980. During that period students had to go to Calcutta to sit for the examinations called ‘Entrance Exam’ (equivalent to today’s our S.L.C) and the Nepali government used to bear all the expenses on student accommodation and others during the students’ stay in Calcutta. In 1980 BS, Durbar High School got affiliated to Patna University. Then on, the students had to go to Patna to attend the S.L.C. examinations. In 1986 BS, Patna University set up its Examination Center in Kathmandu. A superintendent from Patna University would bring question papers to the Durbar High School and, after exams, would take them back for checking and announcing results. Till 1989 BS, Nepali language was not included in the S.L.C. exams. Finally, in 1950 BS, Patna University agreed to set up its Examination Board in Nepal and included Nepali language in its curriculum. The S.L.C. Board which was established in Kartik 16, 1990 BS saw only 34 students taking the exam in its initial conduct. The students were from Durbar High School and Patan High School (established 77 years later than the Durbar High School).During the reign of Dev Shamsher, about 50 schools inside the valley and around 180 schools opened up in the other parts of the country. One teacher for fifty students was the effort that the ruler put into practice. He even offered scholarship of 9 muri paddy and Rs 5 annually to further encourage students who joined the Durbar High School. After the advent of democracy in 1950 (2007 BS) in the country, the educational sector too saw positive changes. In 2008 BS Nepali Siksha Parishad was established. Then in BS 2009, National Education Board was established. The educational sector of Nepal saw tremendous surge during the period 2028 BS – 2046 BS when the pre-existing educational standard got entirely revised and modeled to somehow meet the international standard. It was in this period that pre-primary, primary and secondary level education got separated. Late King Birendra made the primary-level education free of cost in BS 2031. And BS 2035 onwards the S.L.C. toppers at national and district respectively got Rs 30,000 and 15,000. After BS 2043, the award was raised to Rs 50,000 and Rs 20,000. HOW ARE S.L.C. EXAMS HELD? The questions for S.L.C. are made to cover all the aspects of the curriculum and are designed to meet the efficiency of the students with variant skills. The skilled teachers from every subject make questions according to the curriculum and then the questions are sent to specialists. After the process, the questions get compiled, jumbled and are made final. The final question sets are sent for printing and are then seal-packed. After the examination dates are confirmed, the board sends them to different examination centers.After the exam, the superintendent takes all the answer papers after completing all the formal proceedings, i.e. keeping record of the students and else, to the district education office. The office sends the answer papers to the destined place for evaluation. The answer papers, after correction, come again to the office with mark slips. The district office then sends those answer papers to the office of controller of examinations for the computer process and ultimately the results are carried out. In case a student loses his certificates, he can fill an application form with certain processing charge. After 2052 BS, when decentralization process came into effect, students can submit their application form at their respective regional educational director’s office. If a student is not satisfied with the marks he has obtained, he/she can request for retotaling, for which the student has to submit the forms within 45 days of the results paying a fixed processing charge. The applications from all the regions get collected at the controller’s office. The people at the controller’s office pick out the related answer papers from the collection and see for mistotalling. To verify the student’s claim, three experts go through the paper and ther report is cross-checked by a co-ordinator. The paper then comes to the controller’s committee and if the claim is found to be correct, the results are revised EMERGENCE OF COLLEGES Tri Chandra is the first college in Nepal and it was established in BS 1969 by Chandra Shumsher. The college was initially affiliated to the Calcutta University and it started its I.Sc classes from BS 1977. Other colleges started to appear when Tri Chandra College gave permission for the private colleges. Tribhuvan University (TU) was established in BS 2015 and many colleges were set up affiliated to TU. Higher Secondary Education (+2) started from BS 2049. And in BS 2056 Department of Education was formed. EDUCATIONAL BOARDS The Higher Secondary Education in Nepal has got tremendous admiration. This board has qualitative curriculum and good recognition. All the HSEB affiliated colleges gather good results annually. One advantage of studying under this board is that the science students get choices to go for either Engineering or Medicine after completing their +2 in Science while the I.Sc students under TU can either go for engineering or medicine after the completion of their studies. This is because the students of I.Sc have to choose either biology or mathematics in the first year itself and go for it in the second year while the +2 students of science can choose to study both bio and mathematics. HISTORY OF UNIVERSITIES AND BOARDS IN NEPAL Mahendra Sanskrit University – since BS 2043 Kathmandu University – since BS 2048 Tribhuvan University – since BS 2015 Pokhara University – since BS 2052 Purbanchal University – since BS 2051 HSEB – since BS 2049 AFTER S.L.C. The wide-read subjects after S.L.C. are – Humanities, Commerce, Science and Education. These subjects have their own charm and where they lead one is quite clear to many students. Besides that, there are many more careers that the SLC graduates can opt for. There are short term professional courses, vocational trainings amd such. Some of such careers have been discussed below: FINE ARTS Fine Art has a long history in Nepal. The first school established was ‘Art School’ in 1903. The subject is the best for the creative students. There are various Fine Arts colleges in and outside the valley that provide intermediate courses in Fine Arts. The Intermediate has classes on the basics of drawing and painting, and sculpture. English and Nepali are the compulsory subjects. While some colleges don’t offer the graphic part of the designing, some like Institute of Fine Arts, at Ganabahal, a newly opened Fine Arts institution, has such offering. Further into the course, classes on classical instruments, classical dances, textile designing and so forth are available. FORESTRY Forestry is one of the fields that hold good future prospects for the students who have completed S.L.C. This subject is also a noble venture into forest conservation and constraining the mounting environmental degradation. Nepal has two institutions for forestry – one in Hetauda and another in Pokhara, both affiliated to the Tribhuvan University, offering certificate and bachelors level studies. The course provides advanced training in forestry and natural resource, conservation and management. Additional responsibilities include forestry research and development of technology suitable for Nepal. The campuses of the Institute of Forestry have laboratories, woodlots, arboreta, horticulture research farms, computer and other facilities. Apart from the mainstream academic courses, there are various vocational and short-term courses that the students can pursue after completing S.L.C. Some of the courses and related institutions are listed below: HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT Hospitality management is a growing field, globally. Colleges like NATHM (Nepal Academy of Tourism and Hospitality Management) offer access only after the completion of the intermediate level. However, they also offer some short-term courses on waiters, room boys, chefs, travel agents, house-keeping, front office, barman etc. The students can extend their career in different hotels, restaurants and at many administrative units after sincerely going through these courses. SANSKRIT After the completion of S.L.C., students can opt for Sanskrit studies. The Intermediate in Sanskrit is called Uttar Madhyama. There are various colleges in and outside the valley that offer the intermediate course, all being affiliated to the Mahendra Sanskrit University. After the completion of Uttar Madhyama, students can enroll to the bachelors’ level study, i.e. Shastri and then masters level i.e. Acharya. Vedas, Sanskrit Grammar, Literature, Astronomy are some of the subjects that students have to study under the intermediate curriculum. The study of Sanskrit leads students to sectors like Archeology, Astrology, Astronomy, Anthropology and so forth. The study of Sanskrit helps the students in historical research as all the holy books and ancient scriptures of Hinduism and Buddhism are found to be written in Sanskrit language or its derivatives: for example Pali, which is the language of major Buddhist scriptures, is derived from Sanskrit. CTEVT COURSES The Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT) is the policy formulation and coordinating body for Technical Education and Vocational Training (TEVT) programs in Nepal, which was constituted in 1989 (2045 BS). The CTEVT is a national autonomous body committed to the growth and development of basic and middle level workforce for Nepal. Presently, CTEVT is responsible for the operation of 4 different kinds of training programs. These are the programs in technical schools, programs in technical instructor training institutes, programs in Polytechnics and programs in vocational training and community development institutions. In addition, CTEVT is responsible for certifying other training programs. POLYTECHNICS CTEVT has planned to establish five polytechnics in each of the five development regions but up to now, Hetauda Polytechnic (Hetauda Polytechnic Pilot Project), Tansen Nursing School and School of Health Science, Bharatpur are running as polytechnic institutes. School of Health Science at Bharatpur, Chitwan is the first Technical school (Polytechnic) under CTEVT to produce technical manpower in general medicine This School specially offers training on Health Assistant and minimum requirement for the training is SLC passed candidates with Science, Math and English subjects. It has annual enrollment capacity of 60. Beside the regular teaching programs, the school also has training program on Jeevan Jal preparation, family planning, mini medical camp etc. Tansen Nursing School aims to produce nursing manpower in Nepal. Though it has the capacity of 75, it has aimed to produce 30 Staff Nurse in each year. The school has been offering three years’ training on Staff Nurse selecting from the girls who have passed SLC in 2nd division or have secured higher marks in Mathematics, Science and English who apply for the course and pass the entrance exam. The catchment area of the school is all over Nepal. Hetauda Polytechnic performs with a small amount of financial support from UNESCO which has been used for preparation of Project Document, fencing of the land, Education Brief and development of detailed master plan for the project. CTEVT is seeking assistance for infrastructure and human resource development as well as equipment necessary for the Polytechnic. Hetauda Polytechnic has been conducting short term training programs on Industrial Wiring and Welding in Fiscal year 2056/57 PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS Privately run technical schools are operating with affiliation to CTEVT in different districts. Provisional recognition has been granted to private health and construction institutions, the National Computer Training Center and one hairdressing institute. Full recognition will be granted after a period of satisfactory performance and the set criteria are met. Till now, there are more than 165 affiliated private training institutes which have covered 47 districts of Nepal. These institutes have been offering courses on CMA, JTA, JT, ANM, Electrical, Mechanical, Civil, Ayurbedic, laboratory, AMIN, Carpet Weaving, Wood Works, Dental, Auto- Mechanic, Nature Pyathic, Therapy in Acupacessure, Carpentry, Welding, General Mechanics, Auto Mechanics and Food Technical Assistant. COMPUTER SOFTWARE Various computer courses, either hardware or software are well suited for the students of all levels. This is a technological field with rising enrollment. After finishing SLC and while waiting for the result, the students can best utilize their time doing these courses, either in hardware or in software. And some, who see enough future prospects and lucrative part of it, go along it and make a career despite the fact that this field has no academic degree but professional training. With mounting computer usage in our daily lives, a career in computer-related field also generates good income and earns wide recognition. FASHION DESIGNING Fashion Designing is also a lucrative career and also is a formal entrance into the field of glamour. Fashion instituted around the world offer variety of courses to train the students practically for this profession. The local institutes in Nepal offer the certificate level courses which generally run up to 4 to 8 months. In this level, students are taught computerized art designing (CAD), graphic designing etc. To join the diploma level studies one has to complete +2 or equivalent level of studies. “Students at any part of the country don’t have to feel insecure about exams.” Birendra Singh, Controller, S.L.C. Examinations Q: What percentage of the students taking S.L.C. exams this year do you think will pass the exam? A: I think it comes around 30-35%. Q: The S.L.C. pass percentage has not been a satisfactory one. What measures can be applied to raise it? A: The only way to increase the pass percentage is that the schools should teach the entire academic curriculum designed. Every school should teach 220 days in a year to do justice to the course. The teachers from every faculty and students should regularly attend the school and the guardians should check whether their children are studying sincerely or not. Q: S.L.C. examination has been held region-wise since few years. Is this process going to be made district-wise? A: You know how Myagdi incident troubled also the S.L.C. examination this year in the western region. Question papers for that region had to be prepared again. As a remedy to this sort of problems, the idea of holding SLC examinations in the district level would be kind of a rational approach but this would take quite a time. Anyway, plans are being made to make it at least zone-wise. Q: It is heard that class 12 is to be made the final school year instead of class 10. Is it true? A: If we have to synchronize our educational system with the international educational system, then we definitely need to adopt the change. We have been doing homework to conduct the final school examination at the end of class 12. When this system will be implemented the class 10 examination will then be held at district level. You find many schools these days are higher secondary schools and this in a way is the change towards making class 12 the final school year. Q: What special measures are there to sort out any problem that may take place in any of the examination centers? A: We have made necessary arrangements for immediate re-exams incase of any mishaps. The teachers, experts and the superintendent at any examination center have been given the authority to make questions themselves and to hold the exams. This way, I think students at any part of the country don’t have to feel insecure about exams. BRIDGE COURSES There is said to be a huge gap between S.L.C. and higher secondary education in Nepal. To adjust the gap, almost all the colleges provide bridge courses to the S.L.C. pass-outs. After completing S.L.C. and before joining the formal classes at any college, undergoing bride courses is a good idea especially for the students who come from the remote areas of Nepal and are weak in English. However, opting for a right institute for the bridge courses is important. Some colleges use bridge courses as a trick to attract students and taking bridge courses there won’t bear any fruits. Some institutions like Alfa Beta Institute at Putalisadak provide good bridge courses at a certain fee. The program comprises Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, TOEFL & Entrance preparation and practical classes for Pre - I. Sc and Boom, Accounts, Travel and Tourism, Economics, Finance, TOEFL for Pre-Management classes. These classes are so designed that they profoundly help S.L.C. appeared students who especially desire to study Science and Management in Higher Secondary Schools and colleges. STUDENT VIEWS ABOUT THIS YEAR’S SLC EXAMS How is the exam going on? Good What will you study after SLC? Management Why? Because management has broader scopes. Do you think the country’s present situation has probable effects on S.L.C.? Not at all. I don’t think Kathmandu has to fear from all these. (Khagendra Ghale, Holyland Public Boarding School, New Baneswor) How are you doing in exams? It’s OK up to now. It was the third paper. God knows what will happen tomorrow. Were the questions tough? No. But I am skeptical about the results. Are you not confident of passing? I am hopeful about that. What you intend to study after S.L.C.? Not decided yet. Let me wait to see what comes in mind. I am free from my family to choose it. (Nirajan Rajbhandari, Bijaya Memorial School, Dillibazar) Hope the paper was easy, right? It was OK. Won’t you pass? I hope so. What are your future plans? I will study Computer Science. Is it your preferance? Both mine and my family. (Nisan Kandel, Holyland Public Boarding School, New Baneswor) You seem OK. Yeah. I did it well. Are you opting for Science? Sure. That is my dream career. My family too prefers to see me as a doctor. Does the country’s situation have any effect on your studies? Yes. Nothing is sure whether we will complete our exams or not. (Srijana Lama, Bijaya Memorial School, Dillibazar) How you did? Fair. I will pass. What after? I will do Diploma in Engineering. Great. Is it your personal choice or…? Yes. My family has let me free to select a career for myself. (Umesh Satyal, Bijaya Memorial School, Dillibazar) -Sandeep & Sanjay Courtesy: Infotiser Fortnightly Magazine

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